Currently, more than 1.5% of the global population are forcibly displaced. Now at over 120 million people this is nearly double the number from a decade ago, with women and girls being the most affected.

Smart Energy Solutions for Africa (SESA) is a collaborative project between the European Union and nine African countries (Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Tanzania ) that aims at providing energy access technologies and business models that are easily replicable and generate local opportunities for economic development and social cohesion in Africa. Through several local living labs, it is expected to facilitate the co-development of scalable and replicable energy access innovations, to be

GNESD worked to promote energy access in developing countries and to establish synergistic opportunities between energy access and development. The Network’s objective was to promote energy access in developing countries and it did this by undertaking scientific research and providing practical policies that help governments and intergovernmental organizations to further mutually inclusive energy access and development activities.

This 3-year PhD research project focuses on sustainability transitions and low-carbon energy innovation in developing countries. The broad aim is to provide an improved understanding of the interface between the state, markets and donors as they develop and diffuse solar PV technology in East Africa.

By the end of 2019, 79.5m people had been forcibly displaced as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, human rights violations or events seriously disturbing public order. This is more than 1% of the world’s population. UNHCR and host countries are struggling to accommodate growing numbers of refugees, 85% of whom are hosted by low or middle-income countries. While global data remains patchy and unstandardized, approximately 90% of refugees living in rural settlements have very limited access to reliable, clean and sustainable electricity or cooking fuels.