• Publication 16 August 2021 CO2 Emissions from International Shipping International maritime shipping accounts for approximately 800 million tonnes of CO2 emissions a year, but it is not regulated by the Paris Agreement. The UN’s International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has the task of launching initiatives to reduce the sector’s CO2 emissions, but it is proving difficult to agree on solid rules and restrictions. The strong growth in the global population is causing a growing demand for maritime shipping, resulting in a tendency to increase CO2 emissions in the…
• Publication 16 August 2021 Donor Support for Sustainability Transition: The case of low-carbon development in the cement sector of Tunisia The overwhelming evidence and scientific consensus on the impacts of human-induced climate change have prompted enhanced mitigation responses over time, led by developed countries representing the biggest emitters historically. More recently, rapid economic growth in developing countries has led to soaring emissions of greenhouse gases. As a result, measures to promote a shift to low-carbon and sustainable futures in all countries of the world are now vital elements of global goals for the…
• Publication 16 August 2021 Joint Adaptation and Mitigation in Agriculture and Forestry
• Publication 16 August 2021 NAMA Information and Guidebook: Enabling implementation of NDCs through NAMAs The publication addresses fundamental issues related to the integration of NAMAs and mitigation actions in general into national development and climate change policies and actions. It presents practical ways to conduct barrier analysis that will lead and facilitate an adequate formulation of NAMAs and mitigation actions. Likewise, enabling environments and risk analysis are elaborated and presented in an easy-to-read language for NAMA practitioners in order to support them in successfully…
• Publication 16 August 2021 Greenhouse gas emissions of livestock raised in a harsh environment Domestic animals are large emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and developing countries raise a large number of those animals. Livestock can be divided into local and improved animals. Local animals are usually not well characterised and seldom subject to structured breeding programs but well adapted to local environmental conditions while improved animals are characterised by high productions but limited capacity to adapt to extreme conditions. Analysis conducted with the use of ex-ante…
• Publication 16 August 2021 The mismatch between the in-country determinants of technology transfer, and the scope of technology transfer initiatives under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Despite decades of international political emphasis, little is known about the in-country determinants of technology transfer for climate change mitigation. We draw upon the conclusions of a series of standardised, official governmental statements of technology priorities, coupled with questionnaire-based data collection, to shed light on the nature of those determinants. We find that there is a disconnect between what developing country governments perceive as the key enablers of, and barriers…
• Publication 16 August 2021 Lignocellulosic biofuels in India: current perspectives, potential issues and future prospects With the transportation sector growing considerably and demand for transport fuels rising globally, this study looks at the current and future status and technical/economic potential of lignocellulosic biofuels in India in a business-as-usual (BAU), national policy on biofuel (NPB) and 2 ℃ climate stabilization scenarios. It identifies key challenges in achieving the country’s biofuel targets, and analyses their role in India’s long-term transport scenarios. In this study, we have usedANSWER…
• Publication 16 August 2021 Role of Energy Efficiency for Low Carbon Transformation of India Globally there is a greater commitment among national governments towards the achievement of the global 2 °C temperature stabilisation target and doubling the rate of energy intensity improvement. India’s energy demand and energy imports have risen sizably over the past two decades. In 2014, India imported 83 % of its oil, 29 % of coal and 68 % of natural gas demand. Improving energy efficiency (EE) is identified among the prominent options in India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC)…

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